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Tensor[RecurrentTensors] - calculate the recurrent tensors with respect to a given metric or connection
Calling Sequences
RecurrentTensors(g T options)
RecurrentTensors(Gamma T options)
Parameters
g - a metric tensor on a manifold
Gamma - a connection, either an affine connection on or a connection on a vector bundle over
T - a list of vector fields, differential forms or tensors (all of the same type)
options - any of the following keywords arguments: coefficientvariables, parameters, output
Description
Let denote covariant differentiation with respect to the given connection , or with respect to the Christoffel connection defined by the metric . A tensor field is called recurrent with respect to if there exists a 1-form such that. The form is called the eigenform for .
Let be a list of tensor fields, all of the same covariant-contravariant type and let , where the coefficients are arbitrary functions on the underlying manifold. The command RecurrentTensor generates the system of first order PDE in the unknowns and the components of from the tensor equation and uses pdsolve to find the solutions to these PDE. Note that this a non-linear system of PDE.
If is a recurrent tensor and is a smooth function on , then is also a recurrent tensor. The algorithm used by the RecurrentTensors program is to first look for recurrent tensors of the form , then recurrent tensors of the form and so on. Thus the leading coefficients (with respect to the basis ) in the output are always 1.
If and the 1-form is exact, that is, then the tensor is covariantly constant: Covariantly constant tensors can be computed with the command CovariantlyConstantTensors. By convention, recurrent tensors whose eigenforms are closed (are not included in the default output to the command RecurrentTensor.
The output from the RecurrentTensor command is a sequence of 2 lists. The first is a list of recurrent tensors and the second is the list of associated eigenforms.
The coefficient functions are taken to be functions of all the coordinate variables. The keyword argument coefficientvariables allows the user to specify the coefficients functions as functions of the variables .
If the metric or the connection depends upon a number of unspecified parameters (either constants or functions), then the keyword argument parameters where is the list of parameters, will invoke case-splitting with respect to these parameters. Special values of the parameters, where either the number or the explicit form of the recurrent tensors changes, are calculated.
With keyword argument output = the defining partial differential equations for the recurrent tensors are returned. With output = all recurrent tensors (including those with closed eigenforms) are returned.
This command is part of the DifferentialGeometry:-Tensor package, and so can be used in the form RecurrentTensors(...) only after executing the commands with(DifferentialGeometry), with(Tensor) in that order. It can always be used in the long form DifferentialGeometry:-Tensor:-RecurrentTensors.
Examples
Example 1.
We find the recurrent 2 forms for a metric , defined on a 3-dimensional manifold.
We use the command GenerateForms to generate a basis for the space of degree 2 forms.
There are 2 recurrent 2-forms.
We can check these answers by back-substituting into the recurrent tensor equation. To this end, we need the Christoffel connection for the metric .
The first 2-form in the list is recurrent.
The second 2-form in the list is recurrent.
Example 2.
We find the recurrent rank 2 symmetric tensors for the metric from Example 1.
First we use the command GenerateSymmetryTensors to generate a basis for the space of rank 2 symmetric tensors.
There are 4 recurrent tensors.
There are two additional recurrent tensors which correspond to covariantly constant tensors and hence have a closed eigenform. We can see this with the option output = "all".
Note that the 1st and last entries in are closed 1-forms. This implies that there are 2 covariantly constant tensors. We can check this directly using the CovariantlyConstantTensors command.
Example 3.
In this example we consider a metric which depends upon arbitrary parameters . We find that there are additional recurrent vectors when or
We compute recurrent vector fields with respect to . We use the keyword argument parameters .
Example 4.
We define a connection on a rank 2 vector bundle over a 3-dimensional base manifold.
We calculate the recurrent tensors on . The command GenerateTensors is used to generate a basis for the tensors.
The most general tensor on is given by a linear combination of the elements of the list , using coefficients which are functions of the base variables alone. We specify this dependency with the keyword argument coefficientvariables.
We explicitly check this result.
See Also
DifferentialGeometry, Tensor , CovariantlyConstantTensors
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