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LieAlgebras[RootSpace] - find a root space for a semi-simple Lie algebra from a Cartan subalgebra or a root space decomposition

Calling Sequences

     RootSpace(RV, CSA)

     RootSpace(RV, RSD)

Parameters

     RV    - a column vector

     CSA   - a list of vectors in a semi-simple Lie algebra, defining a Cartan subalgebra

     RSD   - a table, defining a root space decomposition of a semi-simple Lie algebra

     

 

Description

Examples

Description

• 

Let g be a Lie algebra and h a Cartan subalgebra. Let h1, h2, ... , hm be a basis for 𝔥. A root for g with respect to this basis is a non-zero m-tuple of complex numbers α= α1, α2, ... ,αm such that adhix = αi x  (*) for some x∈ 𝔤.

• 

The set of x∈ 𝔤 which satisfy (*) is called the root space of g defined by α and denoted by Rα . A basic theorem in the structure theorem of semi-simple Lie algebras asserts that the root spaces Rα are 1-dimensional.

• 

The first call sequence calculates the root space Rα for a given root. If α is not a root, then the zero vector (in 𝔤) is returned.

• 

The second calling sequence simply returns the table entry in the table of root spaces corresponding to the root α.

Examples

> 

with⁡DifferentialGeometry:with⁡LieAlgebras:

 

Example 1.

Use the command SimpleLieAlgebraData to obtain the Lie algebra data for the simple Lie algebra su4. This is the 15-dimensional Lie algebra of trace-free, skew-Hermitian matrices.

> 

LD≔SimpleLieAlgebraData⁡su(4),su4,labelformat=gl,labels=U,η

LD:=e1,e4=e10,e1,e6=e12,e1,e7=e13,e1,e8=e14,e1,e9=2⁢e15,e1,e10=−e4,e1,e12=−e6,e1,e13=−e7,e1,e14=−e8,e1,e15=−2⁢e9,e2,e4=−e10,e2,e5=e11,e2,e6=e12,e2,e8=2⁢e14,e2,e9=e15,e2,e10=e4,e2,e11=−e5,e2,e12=−e6,e2,e14=−2⁢e8,e2,e15=−e9,e3,e5=−e11,e3,e6=2⁢e12,e3,e7=−e13,e3,e8=e14,e3,e9=e15,e3,e11=e5,e3,e12=−2⁢e6,e3,e13=e7,e3,e14=−e8,e3,e15=−e9,e4,e5=−e7,e4,e7=e5,e4,e8=−e9,e4,e9=e8,e4,e10=2⁢e1−2⁢e2,e4,e11=−e13,e4,e13=e11,e4,e14=−e15,e4,e15=e14,e5,e6=−e8,e5,e7=−e4,e5,e8=e6,e5,e10=e13,e5,e11=2⁢e2−2⁢e3,e5,e12=−e14,e5,e13=−e10,e5,e14=e12,e6,e7=e9,e6,e8=−e5,e6,e9=−e7,e6,e11=e14,e6,e12=2⁢e3,e6,e13=e15,e6,e14=−e11,e6,e15=−e13,e7,e9=e6,e7,e10=e11,e7,e11=−e10,e7,e12=−e15,e7,e13=2⁢e1−2⁢e3,e7,e15=e12,e8,e9=−e4,e8,e10=e15,e8,e11=e12,e8,e12=−e11,e8,e14=2⁢e2,e8,e15=−e10,e9,e10=e14,e9,e12=−e13,e9,e13=e12,e9,e14=−e10,e9,e15=2⁢e1,e10,e11=e7,e10,e13=e5,e10,e14=e9,e10,e15=e8,e11,e12=e8,e11,e13=−e4,e11,e14=e6,e12,e13=−e9,e12,e14=−e5,e12,e15=−e7,e13,e15=e6,e14,e15=−e4,Ui11,Ui22,Ui33,U12,U23,U34,U13,U24,U14,Ui12,Ui23,Ui34,Ui13,Ui24,Ui14,etai11,etai22,etai33,η12,η23,η34,η13,η24,η14,etai12,etai23,etai34,etai13,etai24,etai14

(2.1)

 

Initialize the Lie algebra su4.

> 

DGsetup⁡LD

Lie algebra: su4

(2.2)

 

The command StandardRepresentation will produce the actual matrices defining su4. (This command only applies to Lie algebras constructed by the SimpleLieAlgebraData  procedure.)

su4 > 

StandardRepresentation⁡su4

 

The Lie algebra elements corresponding to the complex diagonal matrices define a Cartan subalgebra.

su4 > 

CSA≔Ui11,Ui22,Ui33

CSA:=Ui11,Ui22,Ui33

(2.3)

 

We check this is indeed a Cartan subalgebra using the Query command

su4 > 

Query⁡CSA,CartanSubalgebra

true

(2.4)

 

 

Here is the root space corresponding to the root <I, I, -I>.

su4 > 

X≔RootSpace⁡I&comma;I&comma;2⁢I&comma;CSA

X:=U34−I⁢Ui34

(2.5)

 

We check that the X is an eigenvector for the elements of the Cartan subalgebra.

su4 > 

B≔seq⁡LieBracket⁡h&comma;X&comma;h=CSA

B:=I⁢U34&plus;Ui34&comma;I⁢U34&plus;Ui34&comma;2⁢I⁢U34&plus;2⁢Ui34

(2.6)
su4 > 

GetComponents⁡B&comma;X

I&comma;I&comma;2⁢I

(2.7)

 

The column vector <I, I, I> is not a root

su4 > 

RootSpace⁡I&comma;I&comma;I&comma;CSA

0⁢Ui11

(2.8)

 

Example 2.

Here is the full root space decomposition for the Lie algebra su4from Example 1.

su4 > 

RSD≔RootSpaceDecomposition⁡CSA

RSD:=table2⁢I&comma;I&comma;I&equals;U14−I⁢Ui14&comma;−I&comma;I&comma;0&equals;U12&plus;I⁢Ui12&comma;I&comma;2⁢I&comma;I&equals;U24−I⁢Ui24&comma;I&comma;0&comma;−I&equals;U13−I⁢Ui13&comma;0&comma;I&comma;−I&equals;U23−I⁢Ui23&comma;−I&comma;−I&comma;−2⁢I&equals;U34&plus;I⁢Ui34&comma;0&comma;−I&comma;I&equals;U23&plus;I⁢Ui23&comma;−I&comma;−2⁢I&comma;−I&equals;U24&plus;I⁢Ui24&comma;−2⁢I&comma;−I&comma;−I&equals;U14&plus;I⁢Ui14&comma;−I&comma;0&comma;I&equals;U13&plus;I⁢Ui13&comma;I&comma;I&comma;2⁢I&equals;U34−I⁢Ui34&comma;I&comma;−I&comma;0&equals;U12−I⁢Ui12

(2.9)

 

The second calling sequence for RootSpace simply converts the given root vector to a list and extracts the corresponding root space from the root space decomposition table.

su4 > 

RootSpace⁡I&comma;I&comma;2⁢I&comma;RSD

U34−I⁢Ui34

(2.10)

See Also

DifferentialGeometry

CartanSubalgebra

GetComponents

Query

RootSpaceDecomposition

SimpleLieAlgebraData

SimpleLieAlgebraProperties

StandardRepresentation