DifferentialGeometry/Tensor/SectionalCurvature

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Tensor[SectionalCurvature] - calculate the sectional curvature for a metric

Calling Sequences

SectionalCurvature(g, R, X, Y)

Parameters

g - a metric tensor on the tangent bundle of a manifold

R - the curvature tensor of the metric g, calculated from the Christoffel symbol of g

X, Y - a pair of vectors

Description

•

The sectional curvature of the metric g at a point p is the Gaussian curvature K (at p) of the geodesic surface whose tangent space is spanned by X_p and Y_p. If R' is the covariant form of the curvature tensor (that is,R' is a tensor of type (0,4)), then K = R'(X, Y, X, Y)/(g(X, X) g(Y, Y) - g(X, Y)^2).

•	If K is independent of the choice of the vectors X and Y then K =S/(n*(n-1)), where S is the Ricci scalar of g.

•

This command is part of the DifferentialGeometry:-Tensor package, and so can be used in the form SectionalCurvature(...) only after executing the command with(DifferentialGeometry) and with(Tensor) in that order. It can always be used in the long form DifferentialGeometry:-Tensor:- SectionalCurvature(...).

Examples

Example 1.

First create a 2 dimensional manifold M1 and define a metric g1 on M1.

M4 >

(2.1)

M1 >

(2.2)

M1 >

(2.3)

M1 >

(2.4)

For 2-dimensional manifolds the sectional curvature coincides with the Gaussian curvature R_{1212}/det(g). Let us check this formula.

M1 >

(2.5)

M1 >

(2.6)

M1 >

(2.7)

Example 2.

First create a 3 dimensional manifold M2 and define a metric g2 on M2.

M1 >

(2.8)

M2 >

g2 := evalDG(a^2*(`&t`(dx, dx)+`&t`(dy, dy)+`&t`(dz, dz))/(k^2+x^2+y^2+z^2)^2)

g2 := a^2*dx*dx/(k^2+x^2+y^2+z^2)^2+a^2*dy*dy/(k^2+x^2+y^2+z^2)^2+a^2*dz*dz/(k^2+x^2+y^2+z^2)^2

(2.9)

Define a pair of vectors which span a generic tangent plane.

M2 >

(2.10)

M2 >

(2.11)

Calculate the curvature and sectional curvature. Note that the sectional curvature is independent of the parameters r, s, t appearing in the vector fields X and Y.

M2 >

K2 := 4*k^2/a^2

(2.12)

Since the metric g2 has constant sectional curvature and the dimension of M2 is 3, the sectional curvature is 1/6 the Ricci scalar.

M2 >

S2 := 24*k^2/a^2

(2.13)

Example 3.

We re-work the previous example in an orthonormal frame.

M2 >

(2.14)

M2 >

(2.15)

M3 >

(2.16)

Calculate the sectional curvature.

M3 >

K3 := 4*k^2/a^2

(2.17)

Example 4.

First create a 3 dimensional manifold M4 and define a metric g4 on M4.

M3 >

(2.18)

M4 >

(2.19)

Define a pair of vectors which span a generic tangent plane.

M4 >

(2.20)

M4 >

(2.21)

Calculate the curvature and sectional curvature. In this example, the sectional curvature is dependent on the parameters r, s, t appearing in the vector fields X and Y.