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Physics[dAlembertian] - d'Alembertian differential operator with respect to the spacetime coordinates

 Calling Sequence dAlembertian(A) dAlembertian(A, [X])

Parameters

 A - any mathematical expression or relation between expressions [X] - (optional) list of differentiation variables with respect to which the d'Alembertian is to be computed

Description

 • The dAlembertian command is a computational representation for the d'Alembert differential operator, displayed as a square box $\square$. The definition used is

$\square \left(A\right)={\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)={g}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }}{\partial }_{\mathrm{\nu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)$

 where the differential operator $\mathrm{∂__mu}$, represented in Maple by d_, is defined by

${\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}}$

 and where ${x}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ represents the contravariant spacetime vector of a coordinate system defined using Coordinates or Setup.
 • In a galilean system (Euclidean or Minkowski), both ${x}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ and the differential of the coordinates $\partial {x}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ are vectors (tensors with 1 index), and so ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ is a vector representing

${\partial }^{\mathrm{\mu }}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{\mathrm{\mu }}}$

 where ${x}_{\mathrm{\mu }}={g}_{\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }}{x}_{}^{\mathrm{\nu }}$ is the covariant spacetime vector, and so ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)={\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)$.
 • Unlike the galilean case, in a curvilinear system of coordinates, neither $\mathrm{x__mu}$ nor ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ are vectors and the formula above for ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$ loses its meaning; instead, the convention used in the Physics package (it becomes the one above only in the galilean case) is

$\partial {}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}=g{}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }}{\partial }_{\mathrm{\nu }}$

 Hence in a non-galilean spacetime ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)\ne {\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)$, because the metric $g{}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }}$ depends on the coordinates and so the two factors in the right-hand-side above do not commute, and the formulas relating the second application of d_[mu] to the dAlembertian are

${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)=\square \left(A\right)$

${\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)=\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}{g}_{}^{\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }}\right){\partial }_{\mathrm{\nu }}\left(A\right)+\square \left(A\right)$

 reflecting the nontensorial character in curvilinear coordinates of ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}$  and of the dAlembertian.
 • The %dAlembertian command is the inert form of dAlembertian; that is, it represents the same mathematical operation while displaying the operation unevaluated. To evaluate the operation, use the value command. To obtain the form of dAlembertian or its inert representation as a sum of diff constructions, use convert/diff.
 • As in the case of d_[mu], when only one argument is given to dAlembertian, the differentiation variables are the ones set by the Setup command, typically $\mathrm{x1},\mathrm{x2},\mathrm{x3},\mathrm{x4}$ ($\mathrm{x0}$ is automatically assigned to $\mathrm{x4}$), represented by $X$ (see Coordinates). To change these default differentiation variables, see Setup.
 • Regardless of the existence of default differentiation variables, you can always call dAlembertian with two arguments, where the second argument is a list with the differentiation variables you want; in this case, the list should have as many symbols as the spacetime dimension, which by default is 4 but can be set to any value by the Setup command.
 • Some automatic simplifications are carried out each time dAlembertian(A) is called, as follows:
 - If $A$ does not depend on the differentiation variables, then 0 is returned.
 - If $A$ is an unknown function (the rule for its derivative is unknown), a Dirac delta function, or a derivative, then the result is returned unevaluated, as dAlembertian(A).
 - If $A$ is of the form ${\mathrm{d_}}_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(B\right)$, then d_[mu](dAlembertian(B)) is returned.
 - Otherwise, dAlembertian(A) is computed calling d_ as in ${\partial }_{}^{\mathrm{\mu }}\left({\partial }_{\mathrm{\mu }}\left(A\right)\right)$.
 • In general, to accomplish differentiation, dAlembertian calls d_, which in turn makes calls to the Physics/diff command, which in turn uses the standard Maple diff command with appropriate arguments. In this way, any user-defined differentiation rule in the library or that you created, such as for a function foo of the form diff/foo, is automatically taken into account by dAlembertian.

Examples

 > $\mathrm{with}\left(\mathrm{Physics}\right):$
 > $\mathrm{Setup}\left(\mathrm{mathematicalnotation}=\mathrm{true}\right)$
 $\left[{\mathrm{mathematicalnotation}}{=}{\mathrm{true}}\right]$ (1)

Set the default differentiation variables for dAlembertian and d_, define a spacetime tensor function $A$, and use the enhanced display scheme of the differential equation packages.

 > $\mathrm{Setup}\left(\mathrm{differentiationvariables}=X\right)$
 ${}{}\mathrm{Systems of spacetime coordinates are:}{}{}{}\left\{X=\left(\mathrm{x1}{,}\mathrm{x2}{,}\mathrm{x3}{,}\mathrm{x4}\right)\right\}$
 ${}{}\mathrm{Default differentiation variables for d_, D_ and dAlembertian are:}{}{}{}\left\{X=\left(\mathrm{x1}{,}\mathrm{x2}{,}\mathrm{x3}{,}\mathrm{x4}\right)\right\}$
 $\left[{\mathrm{differentiationvariables}}{=}\left[{X}\right]\right]$ (2)
 > $\mathrm{Define}\left(A,B\right)$
 $\mathrm{Defined objects with tensor properties}$
 $\left\{{A}{,}{B}{,}{{\mathrm{\gamma }}}_{{\mathrm{\mu }}}{,}{{\mathrm{\sigma }}}_{{\mathrm{\mu }}}{,}{{\partial }}_{{\mathrm{\mu }}}{,}{{g}}_{{\mathrm{\mu }}{,}{\mathrm{\nu }}}{,}{{\mathrm{\epsilon }}}_{{\mathrm{\alpha }}{,}{\mathrm{\beta }}{,}{\mathrm{\mu }}{,}{\mathrm{\nu }}}{,}{{X}}_{{\mathrm{\mu }}}\right\}$ (3)
 > $\mathrm{PDEtools}\left[\mathrm{declare}\right]\left(\left(f,A,B,\mathrm{\Phi }\right)\left(X\right)\right)$
 ${f}{}\left({X}\right){}{\mathrm{will now be displayed as}}{}{f}$
 ${A}{}\left({X}\right){}{\mathrm{will now be displayed as}}{}{A}$
 ${B}{}\left({X}\right){}{\mathrm{will now be displayed as}}{}{B}$
 ${\mathrm{\Phi }}{}\left({X}\right){}{\mathrm{will now be displayed as}}{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}$ (4)

The dAlembertian operator is the double application of d_[mu], with the index contracted.

 > $\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(f\left(X\right)\right)\right)$
 ${\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (5)

In the default 4 = 3+1 dimensional Minkowski spacetime, the form of dAlembertian as a sum of diff constructions is

 > $\mathrm{convert}\left(,\mathrm{diff}\right)$
 ${-}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}{\mathrm{x1}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x1}}\right)\right){-}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}{\mathrm{x2}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x2}}\right)\right){-}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}{\mathrm{x3}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x3}}\right)\right){+}{\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({\mathrm{diff}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}{\mathrm{x4}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x4}}\right)$ (6)

The dAlembertian deals normally with derivatives expressed in terms of any of the Maple differential operators, including D, diff, and d_. It also distributes over sums and products.

 > $\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(f\left(X\right)A\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(X\right)+B\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(X\right)\right)$
 ${{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){+}{f}{}\left({X}\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{B}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (7)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(\right)$
 ${{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){+}{2}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~nu}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{2}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~nu}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{f}{}\left({X}\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{B}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (8)
 > $\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(f\left(X\right)\right)A\left[\mathrm{\nu }\right]\left(X\right)$
 ${{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right)$ (9)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(\right)$
 ${{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{2}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{α}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~alpha}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right)$ (10)

Because dAlembertian is a second order differential operator (dAlembertian(f) = d_[mu](d_[mu](f))), the differentiation rule, when applied to a product as in above, requires decomposing the dAlembertian operation into the sequence of d_[mu] operations. Note also the introduction of a dummy index alpha, which could be any spacetime index; these indices are chosen after checking that they are not assigned and not already present in the given expression at the time of introducing them.

Regardless of having set the default differentiation variables to $X$, you can call dAlembertian or d_ with other coordinates as differentiation variables. For example, set one more coordinate system:

 > $\mathrm{Coordinates}\left(Y\right)$
 ${}{}\mathrm{Systems of spacetime coordinates are:}{}{}{}\left\{X=\left(\mathrm{x1}{,}\mathrm{x2}{,}\mathrm{x3}{,}\mathrm{x4}\right){,}Y=\left(\mathrm{y1}{,}\mathrm{y2}{,}\mathrm{y3}{,}\mathrm{y4}\right)\right\}$
 $\left\{{X}{,}{Y}\right\}$ (11)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(f\left(X\right)\right)$
 ${\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (12)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(f\left(Y\right),\left[Y\right]\right)$
 ${\mathrm{\square }}{}\left({f}{}\left({Y}\right){,}\left[{Y}\right]\right)$ (13)

Note that the output above displays the differentiation variables $\left[\mathrm{y1},\mathrm{y2},\mathrm{y3},\mathrm{y4}\right]$. This is so because they are not the "default differentiation variables;" if you set them to be $\left[\mathrm{y1},\mathrm{y2},\mathrm{y3},\mathrm{y4}\right]$, then the omitted differentiation variables are $\left[\mathrm{y1},\mathrm{y2},\mathrm{y3},\mathrm{y4}\right]$, and the other differentiation variables (namely, $\left[\mathrm{x1},\mathrm{x2},\mathrm{x3},\mathrm{x4}\right]$) are displayed.

 > $\mathrm{Setup}\left(\mathrm{differentiationvariables}=Y\right)$
 ${}{}\mathrm{Default differentiation variables for d_, D_ and dAlembertian are:}{}{}{}\left\{Y=\left(\mathrm{y1}{,}\mathrm{y2}{,}\mathrm{y3}{,}\mathrm{y4}\right)\right\}$
 $\left[{\mathrm{differentiationvariables}}{=}\left[{Y}\right]\right]$ (14)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(f\left(X\right)\right)$
 ${0}$ (15)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(f\left(X\right),\left[X\right]\right)$
 ${\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({f}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (16)
 > $\mathrm{dAlembertian}\left(f\left(Y\right),\left[Y\right]\right)$
 ${\mathrm{\square }}{}\left({f}{}\left({Y}\right)\right)$ (17)

The dAlembertian enters the classical field equations in various models; this is the electromagnetic field tensor.

 > $\mathrm{Setup}\left(\mathrm{differentiationvariables}=X\right)$
 ${}{}\mathrm{Default differentiation variables for d_, D_ and dAlembertian are:}{}{}{}\left\{X=\left(\mathrm{x1}{,}\mathrm{x2}{,}\mathrm{x3}{,}\mathrm{x4}\right)\right\}$
 $\left[{\mathrm{differentiationvariables}}{=}\left[{X}\right]\right]$ (18)
 > $F\left[\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }\right]≔\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(A\left[\mathrm{\nu }\right]\left(X\right)\right)-\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\nu }\right]\left(A\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(X\right)\right)$
 ${{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (19)

Maxwell equations result from taking the functional derivative of the Action. Use delay evaluation quotes to display the operation unevaluated, then perform the operation on the next line.

 > $'\mathrm{Fundiff}'\left(\mathrm{Intc}\left({F\left[\mathrm{\mu },\mathrm{\nu }\right]}^{2},X\right),A\left[\mathrm{\rho }\right]\left(Y\right)\right)$
 ${\mathrm{Fundiff}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)\right)}^{{2}}{,}{\mathrm{x1}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x2}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x3}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x4}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{{A}}_{{\mathrm{ρ}}}{}\left({Y}\right)\right)$ (20)
 > $\mathrm{subs}\left(Y=X,\right)$
 $\left({2}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~nu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}{2}{}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)\right){}{{\mathrm{g_}}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}{,}{\mathrm{~rho}}}{+}\left({-}{2}{}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){+}{2}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)\right){}{{\mathrm{g_}}}_{{\mathrm{~nu}}{,}{\mathrm{~rho}}}$ (21)

To simplify the contracted spacetime indices, use the Simplify command.

 > $\mathrm{Simplify}\left(\right)$
 ${4}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{ν}}}{}\left({{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~rho}}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~nu}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}{4}{}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({{A}}_{{\mathrm{~rho}}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right)$ (22)

The Lagrangean of the lambdaPhi^4 model, the corresponding Action, and the field equations:

 > $L≔\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(X\right)\right)\mathrm{d_}\left[\mathrm{\mu }\right]\left(\mathrm{\Phi }\left(X\right)\right)-\frac{{m}^{2}}{2}{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(X\right)}^{2}+\frac{\mathrm{\lambda }}{4}{\mathrm{\Phi }\left(X\right)}^{4}$
 $\frac{{1}}{{2}}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}\frac{{1}}{{2}}{}{{m}}^{{2}}{}{{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right)}^{{2}}{+}\frac{{1}}{{4}}{}{\mathrm{λ}}{}{{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right)}^{{4}}$ (23)
 > $'\mathrm{Fundiff}'\left(\mathrm{Intc}\left(L,X\right),\mathrm{\Phi }\left(Y\right)\right)$
 ${\mathrm{Fundiff}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left({\mathrm{Int}}{}\left(\frac{{1}}{{2}}{}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{μ}}}{}\left({\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){}{{\mathrm{d_}}}_{{\mathrm{~mu}}}{}\left({\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}\frac{{1}}{{2}}{}{{m}}^{{2}}{}{{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right)}^{{2}}{+}\frac{{1}}{{4}}{}{\mathrm{λ}}{}{{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right)}^{{4}}{,}{\mathrm{x1}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x2}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x3}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{x4}}{=}{-}{\mathrm{∞}}{..}{\mathrm{∞}}\right){,}{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({Y}\right)\right)$ (24)
 > $\mathrm{subs}\left(Y=X,\right)$
 ${-}{\mathrm{dAlembertian}}{}\left({\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){,}\left[{X}\right]\right){-}{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right){}\left({-}{{\mathrm{Φ}}{}\left({X}\right)}^{{2}}{}{\mathrm{λ}}{+}{{m}}^{{2}}\right)$ (25)
 >